André Aptroot

The Trypetheliales are an order of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. Most of the species in the order form lichens, although some are lichenicolous fungi. Trypetheliales contains two families, Polycoccaceae and Trypetheliaceae.

Ramalina polyforma is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), fruticose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. This greenish-grey shrubby lichen, endemic to the Galápagos Islands, was formally described as a new species in 2007 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot.

Ramalina darwiniana is a species of strap lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. Found only in the Galápagos Islands, it was first described in 2007 and named in honour of Charles Darwin's work on the archipelago's biodiversity. This shrub-like lichen grows up to 15 centimetres wide and is typically found on tree bark or wood in coastal and arid areas of the islands. It is characterised by its greenish-grey colour, grooved branches that often curl at the tips, and the occasional presence of small holes where branches fuse together. R. darwiniana reproduces through cup-shaped structures called

Distopyrenis is a genus of fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae.

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Architrypethelium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Trypetheliaceae.

Anisomeridium anisolobum is a species of lichen in the family Monoblastiaceae. It has a pantropical distribution, and was formally described by Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1883.

Trypetheliopsis gigas is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Monoblastiaceae. It forms a thin, grey-green crust with conspicuous black fruiting bodies on the bark of trees in tropical forests. The species is known from Java in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka. It was originally described in 1928 as Mycoporellum gigas and was later transferred to Musaespora before being placed in Trypetheliopsis following a 2009 re-evaluation of the group.

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Ramalina fragilis is a small, rock-dwelling fruticose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae, described in 2007 from the Galápagos Islands. It forms fragile, pale grey cushions with very thin, round branches and conspicuous whitish powdery tips. It is endemic to the archipelago. It is the rarest of the four Ramalina species thought to be endemic to the Galápagos, and is assessed as vulnerable species by the IUCN.

Pyrenula rubroanomala is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. The species is characterized by its pale, thickened thallus and by clusters of small, black, flask-shaped fruiting bodies that often merge into irregular, rounded patches. A distinctive feature is the thin red pigment layer over these clusters, which turns purple when tested with potassium hydroxide solution. It is known from the type locality in Costa Rica, where it was found growing on tree bark in secondary vegetation in a moist lowland forest zone.

Pyrenula minae is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. It was formally described in 2008 from material collected in closed primary lowland rainforest at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. On bark, it forms thin, olive-brown crusts dotted with solitary, cone-shaped perithecia (flask-shaped fruiting bodies), which can be dusted with a fragile red pigment layer. The species name honors Costa Rica's Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) and its SINAC division for supporting the fieldwork behind the original collections.

Placidiopsis hypothallina is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae, described as a new species in 2002. It is unique within its genus for its thallus primarily composed of a hyphal hypothallus resembling a subiculum found in some non-lichenised ascomycetes. It is found in Brazil and Taiwan.

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Megalotremis lateralis is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the genus Megalotremis. It was described as a new species in 2008, based on material collected in the Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Mixed Wildlife Refuge (Manzanillo section) in Limón Province, Costa Rica; it has since been recorded in Sri Lanka. The lichen forms glossy, pale mineral-gray crusts that can spread over patches at least 5 cm (2 in) across and may be edged by a thin black border. Its black, hemispherical fruiting bodies have an off-centre opening, and chemical tests did not detect any

Megalotremis cauliflora is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Monoblastiaceae. It was described as a new species in 2008 based on material collected in Guadeloupe, and has since been reported from Sri Lanka. The lichen forms glossy, pale gray patches on bark that can spread across several centimeters, with the perithecia (flask-shaped fruiting bodies) mostly buried in the thallus and visible only as slight bumps. It is unusual for the genus in having tiny brown, flattened blobs made of stuck-together spores at the openings of its asexual structures

Megalotremis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Monoblastiaceae. It has 16 species. The genus was circumscribed by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot in 1991, with Megalotremis verrucosa assigned as the type species. Megalotremis is a pyrenolichen genus, meaning its species have perithecioid ascocarps: spherical or flask-shaped, sessile or partly immersed in the thallus, with a single opening (ostiole) and enclosed by a distinct wall.

Lithothelium fluorescens is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. It is known from montane rainforest sites in Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica, where it was collected on bark on the lower trunk. The lichen is identified mainly by microscopic characters in its flask-shaped fruiting bodies (perithecia) and ascospores, rather than by any obvious surface features. The thallus is ochraceous and has a cortex, and the perithecia are mostly immersed but show as small, hemispherical warts. In standard lichen spot tests, the thallus fluoresces yellow

Lepraria multiacida is a species of saxicolous and terricolous (rock- and ground-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Stereocaulaceae, described as a new species in 2002. It has a unique chemical composition and contains several secondary metabolites.

Gyalideopsis macarthurii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Gomphillaceae. The pale greenish-grey lichen forms thin, shiny crusts on bark and rotting logs in montane cloud forest environments, particularly in exposed areas along forest edges and pastures, and has been documented in Costa Rica, Florida, and Brazil. It is distinguished by its distinctive fruiting bodies with thin triangular lobes covering the margins, extremely small specialized reproductive structures called hyphophores, and its habit of growing on bark rather than leaves, which separates

Funiliomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Funiliomyces biseptatus.

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Coenogonium kalbii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Coenogoniaceae. It has been found in variety of locations in the southern region of Costa Rica, primarily in humid, shaded microsites within low-mountain rainforest environments.

Coenogonium barbatum is a species of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichen in the family Coenogoniaceae. It is characterised by its distinctive beard-shaped growth, setting it apart from closely related species. Identified and named as a new species in 2006, the lichen has been specifically found at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. The species name barbatum hints at its beard-like appearance.

Clypeopyrenis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1991 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot, with Clypeopyrenis microsperma assigned as the type species. This lichen, originally described from material collected in Costa Rica, is also found in the Caribbean and South America. Clypeopyrenis porinoides was added to the genus in 2011; it was discovered in Costa Rica, close to the type locality of the type species.

Cladonia monomorpha is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling), fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It is part of the Cladonia pyxidata group, known for brown apothecia on cup-shaped podetia.

Bulbothrix sipmanii is a species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Guyana, it was formally described as a new species in 1999 by André Aptroot and Robert van Aubel. The species epithet sipmanii honours Dutch lichenologist Harrie Sipman.

Astrothelium intermedium is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It was formally described in 2008 from material collected on tree bark at Las Cruces Biological Station in Costa Rica, at about 1,200 m (3,900 ft) elevation. The lichen forms a smooth, glossy, olive-green crust that can spread over patches up to about 10 cm (4 in) across, with the fruiting bodies concentrated in low, wart-like lines across the surface. Under the microscope it produces colorless ascospores divided into several compartments.

Aspidothelium glabrum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Thelenellaceae. It was described in 2008 from material collected on bark in western Costa Rica, and has since been recorded in Brazil. The lichen forms pale mineral-gray patches that may be edged by a thin black border, and it produces tiny, glossy, cream-to-gray bumps on the surface that contain its spores. Under the microscope, its spore-producing sacs contain four colorless spores that are divided into many small compartments, a feature used to separate it from similar species.

Architrypethelium nitens is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It was first described in 1824 as Verrucaria nitens, and later transferred to Architrypethelium. The lichen forms a smooth, glossy, olive-green crust on bark, with small black, flask-shaped fruiting bodies (perithecia) that are usually partly covered by the thallus. It is a Neotropical species, recorded from Costa Rica, and it can be recognized under the microscope by its large, dark brown ascospores with three internal partitions and a clear, jelly-like outer sheath.