Helge Thorsten Lumbsch

Megasporaceae are a family of fungi belonging to the order Pertusariales. The family comprises about 300 species of lichen-forming fungi distributed worldwide, predominantly growing on rocks but also on soil, moss, and occasionally tree bark. Members form crust-like growths (though some have more elaborate forms) that contain green algae within their tissues, and they reproduce through disc-shaped fruiting bodies (apothecia) typically sunken into the thallus surface. The family includes eleven recognised genera, with Aspicilia being by far the largest at around 200 species. Originally

The Lecanoromycetidae are a subclass of fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. This subclass contains seven orders.

Melanohalea is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. It contains 30 mostly Northern Hemisphere species that grow on bark or on wood. The genus is characterised by the presence of pseudocyphellae (tiny pores that allow for gas exchange), usually on warts or on the tips of isidia, a non-pored epicortex and a medulla containing depsidones or lacking secondary metabolites. Melanohalea was circumscribed in 2004 as a segregate of the morphologically similar genus Melanelia, which was created in 1978 for certain brown Parmelia species. The methods used to estimate the evolutionary

Ochrolechia is the sole genus in the fungal family Ochrolechiaceae. It comprises about 40 species of crustose lichens. These lichens typically form uneven, often thick, crust-like growths on various surfaces and are characterised by their white to pale grey thalli, which may have a greenish tint. The genus has a long evolutionary history, with fossils dating back to the Paleogene period, about 34 million years ago. Ochrolechia species have disc-like apothecia (fruiting bodies), which are usually yellowish or brownish-pink and often covered with a fine white powdery coating. The genus is

Melanohalea exasperatula, commonly known as the lustrous camouflage lichen or lustrous brown-shield, is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It has a widespread global distribution and is common in both Europe and northern North America. Its thallus can grow up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter, with marginal lobes up to 5 mm (3⁄16 in) broad. The upper surface is pale olive-green to red-brown, with isidia (propagules of vegetative reproduction) that are unbranched, inflated, and hollow. It can be distinguished from similar species by the shape and

Melanohalea elegantula, commonly known as the elegant camouflage lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first described by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1894 as Parmelia aspidota var. elegantula. Hungarian lichenologist Ödön Szatala promoted it to full species status, as Parmelia elegantula, in 1930. Theodore Esslinger transferred it to the genus Melanelia in 1978. Finally, it was assigned to the newly circumscribed genus Melanohalea in 2004.

Melanelixia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. It contains 15 Northern Hemisphere species that grow on bark or on wood. The genus is characterized by a pored or fenestrate epicortex (a thin homogeneous polysaccharide layer on the surface of the cortex), and the production of lecanoric acid as the primary chemical constituent of the medulla. Melanelixia was circumscribed in 2004 as a segregate of the related genus Melanelia.

Pleurosticta acetabulum is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is common and widespread throughout Europe, where it grows on tree bark. It has also been recorded in Algeria.

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Melanelixia fuliginosa is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae, commonly found growing on siliceous rocks in humid, temperate regions of Europe and possibly parts of Asia. It forms dark brown to blackish rosettes up to 15 cm in diameter with small overlapping lobes that bear numerous tiny, cylindrical outgrowths (isidia) on their surface. The lichen primarily reproduces by vegetative means when these isidia break off and establish new colonies. Originally described by French botanist Jean Étienne Duby in 1830 as a variety of another lichen, it has undergone several taxonomic

Elixia is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Elixiaceae. It has two species: Elixia cretica T.Sprib. & Lumbsch (2010) Elixia flexella (Ach.) Lumbsch (1997) The genus was circumscribed in 1997 by H. Thorsten Lumbsch. The genus name honours Australian lichenologist John Alan Elix.

Ainoa is a genus of lichens in the family Baeomycetaceae. It was named in honour of the German lichenologist Aino Henssen. These rock-dwelling lichens form thin crusts that break into small flakes and are distinguished by their abundant dark brown to black button-like fruiting bodies that sit on short stalks. The genus includes three species found in cool mountainous regions, where they grow on hard siliceous rocks and can withstand repeated cycles of wetting and drying.

Melanohalea zopheroa is a species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first formally described in 1977 by Ted Esslinger as Parmelia zopheroa. A year later, he transferred it to the new genus Melanelia, which he created to contain the brown Parmeliae species. In 2004, after early molecular phylogenetic evidence showed that Melanelia was not monophyletic, Melanohalea was circumscribed by lichenologists Oscar Blanco, Ana Crespo, Pradeep K. Divakar, Esslinger, David L. Hawksworth and H. Thorsten Lumbsch, and M. zopheroa was transferred to it. The lichen has a disjunct distribution, as it

Melanohalea ushuaiensis is a species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first formally described in 1917 by Alexander Zahlbruckner as Parmelia ushuaiensis. Ted Esslinger transferred to the new genus Melanelia in 1978, which he circumscribed to contain the brown parmeliae species. In 2004, it was moved to the newly created genus Melanohalea. It is endemic to South America.

Melanohalea trabeculata is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first formally described by Finnish lichenologist Teuvo Ahti in 1966 as Parmelia trabeculata. Ted Esslinger transferred the species to the new genus Melanelia in 1978, which he circumscribed to contain the brown parmeliae species. In 2004, it was moved to the newly circumscribed genus Melanohalea. Ahti collected the type in the Cochrane District of Ontario, Canada, on the west end of Martison Lake. There he found it growing on the trunk of a large willow tree on the lake shore. He suggested that it is a

Melanohalea subolivacea, commonly known as the brown-eyed camouflage lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae.

Melanohalea subelegantula is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It grows on tree bark and is characterized by small, finger-like outgrowths that may develop into tiny lobes. The species occurs in western North America and has also been recorded from Tibet.

Melanohalea olivacea, the spotted camouflage lichen or spotted brown shield, is a species of brown foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It forms rounded, olive-brown to dark brown patches (rosettes) that are typically 5–8 centimetres across on tree bark, particularly on birches in boreal forests and mountain woodlands. The lichen is distinguished by small pale spots called pseudocyphellae scattered across its upper surface and a black lower surface with dark rhizines (root-like attachment threads). Originally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Lichen olivaceus, the species was moved

Melanohalea halei is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. The species was first described in 1966 by the Finnish lichenologist Teuvo Ahti from specimens in eastern North America that had previously been misidentified as Melanohalea olivacea. It is distinguished from similar brown foliose lichens by its yellowish- to greenish-brown colour, a thallus that lies closely against the bark and develops tiny side lobes toward the center, and a medulla that reacts K+ (yellow0 and P+ (red) in standard chemical spot tests. The lichen typically forms roundish patches about 10 cm (4 in)

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Malmideaceae is a family of crustose and corticolous lichens in the order Lecanorales. It contains eight genera and about 70 species.

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The Elixiaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Umbilicariales. It contains two genera, Meridianelia, and the type genus, Elixia, which together have a total of three species. The family was circumscribed by lichenologist Helge Thorsten Lumbsch in 1997. The family name honours Australian lichenologist John Alan Elix.

Diploschistes diacapsis (also called the desert crater lichen) is a ground-dwelling crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It forms a thick, pale grey to greyish-white crust that cracks into small patches. Its fruiting bodies (apothecia) are sunken and often dusted with a powdery coating (pruina), and it produces brown, muriform (multichambered) ascospores. The lichen body (thallus) contains lecanoric and diploschistesic acids. The species typically grows in arid and semi-arid regions on calcium-rich or gypsum soils, where it can form extensive pale carpets within biological soil crusts

Xanthoparmelia semiviridis, also known as resurrection lichen is a foliose lichen species in the family Parmeliaceae. Its common name comes from the reaction of a dry sample to moisture. In its dry state it appears like curled-up dry leaf litter on the ground, but after rainfall the lichen will quickly recover, unfurl and become darker in colour. It is found in semi-arid areas across southern Australia and the South Island of New Zealand. The species is in decline in New Zealand because of the loss of habitat resulting from the establishment of dairy farms and vineyards in former indigenous

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Ramboldia gowardiana is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Ramboldiaceae. First discovered in 2003 in Montana, United States, it typically appears as a grayish or greenish crust on tree bark, particularly on conifers like pines and firs. The lichen is characterised by its small, bright red to orange-red reproductive structures (apothecia) visible on its surface. R. gowardiana is found in dry, temperate forests from Alaska to California, often at elevations between 300 and 1,400 meters (about 980 to 4,600 feet). Initially classified in a different genus, it

Protoparmeliopsis garovaglii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. The species was originally described as Placodium garovaglii by German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1859. It was later classified in Lecanora in 1900, and known as a member of that genus for more than a century. Molecular phylogenetics showed that Lecanora was highly polyphyletic, and as a result, the genus was divided into several smaller, more phylogenetically natural genera. Subsequently, in 2015, Lecanora garovaglii was transferred to genus Protoparmeliopsis.

Parmotrema albinatum is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae that is found in Hawaii. It was originally described in 2001 as Rimelia albinata. Later phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the genus Rimelia was synonymous with Parmotrema, so this species was transferred to that genus. The lichen is characterized by the sorediate and short-lacinulate (containing glands) thallus with salazinic acid in the medulla and traces of lobaric acid. The upper surface of the thallus is whitish, which probably a result of the thickness of the thick upper cortex.