Mason Ellsworth Hale

American lichenologist (1928-1990).

Mason Ellsworth Hale, Jr. (September 23, 1929 – April 23, 1990) was one of the most prolific American lichenologists of the 20th century. Many of his scholarly articles focused on the taxonomy of the family Parmeliaceae. Hale was one of the first lichen experts to incorporate secondary chemistry and technology such as computers and scanning electron microscopy into taxonomic work. Mason Hale published approximately two hundred articles and books on various aspects of lichen biology including taxonomy, anatomy, chemistry, and ecology. Hale also wrote several books aimed at education and increas

Abbreviations: Hale
Occupations: scientific collector, lichenologist, botanist, botanical collector
Citizenships: United States
Languages: English
Dates: 1928-09-29T00:00:00Z – 1990-04-23T00:00:00Z
Birth place: Litchfield County
Direct attributions: 0 plants, 835 fungi
Authorship mentions: 0 plants, 957 fungi

835 fungi attributed, 122 fungi contributed to957 fungi:

Flavoparmelia caperata (Common Green Shield Lichen) (L.) Hale 1986
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Flavoparmelia caperata, the common greenshield lichen, is a foliose lichen that grows on the bark of trees, and occasionally on rock.
Flavoparmelia (Greenshield Lichens) Hale 1986
fungi genus in the parmeliaceae family
Flavoparmelia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. Because of their appearance, they are commonly known as greenshield lichens. The widely distributed genus contains about 40 species.
Xanthoparmelia (Rock Shield Lichens) (Vain.) Hale 1974
fungi genus in the parmeliaceae family
Xanthoparmelia (commonly known as green rock shields or rock-shield lichens) is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. This genus of lichen is commonly found in the United States, South America, southern Africa, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. The name means 'golden yellow parmelia'. The photobiont (photosynthetic partner) is Trebouxia (a genus of green algae).
Parmelina tiliacea (Linden Shield Lichen) (Hoffm.) Hale 1974
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Parmelina tiliacea is a species of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution. In Nepal, Parmelina tiliacea has been reported at 2,100 m elevation in a compilation of published records.
Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Peppered Rock Shield) (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Hale 1974
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Xanthoparmelia conspersa, commonly known as the peppered rock-shield, is a foliose lichen and the type species of genus Xanthoparmelia. It is widely distributed in temperate zones, and has been recorded from Japan, Europe, Africa, North America, and South America.
Parmelina (Fine Shield Lichens) Hale 1974
fungi genus in the parmeliaceae family
Parmelina is a genus of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1974 by American lichenologist Mason Hale with Parmelina tiliacea assigned as the type species.
Hypotrachyna (Loop Lichens) (Vain.) Hale 1974
fungi genus in the parmeliaceae family
Hypotrachyna is a genus of lichenized fungi within the family Parmeliaceae. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the widespread genus contains about 198 species. Hypotrachyna was circumscribed by American lichenologist Mason Ellsworth Hale Jr in 1974.
Flavopunctelia flaventior (Speckled Greenshield) (Stirt.) Hale 1984
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Flavopunctelia flaventior is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first formally described as a new species by James Stirton in 1877 as Parmelia flaventior. In 1982, Hildur Krog transferred it to the subgenus Flavopunctelia of her newly circumscribed genus Punctelia, created to contain Parmelia species with punctate (point-like) pseudocyphellae. Mason Hale raised this subgenus to generic status a couple of years later, setting Flavopunctelia flaventior as the type species of the new genus. The lichen is commonly known as the speckled greenshield. Flavopunctelia
Arctoparmelia (Ring Lichens) Hale 1986
fungi genus in the parmeliaceae family
Arctoparmelia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. Established in 1986, the genus comprises five species of rock-dwelling lichens found primarily in arctic and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere. These lichens are characterized by their distinctive velvety or ivory-white to pale brown lower surfaces, concentric growth patterns, and unique chemistry, including the presence of alectoronic acid and negative reactions to iodine-based tests. Arctoparmelia species, commonly known as ring lichens, vary in size from small thalli to specimens up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in
Parmotrema tinctorum (Old Gray Ruffles) (Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale 1974
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Parmotrema tinctorum, also known as the palm ruffle lichen, belongs to the Parmotrema genus. It is listed as secure by the Nature Conservatory.
Parmelina pastillifera (Harm.) Hale 1976
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Parmelina pastillifera is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. The species forms greyish rosettes typically 4–8 cm across on nutrient-rich bark, particularly on ash and maple branches, as well as on rocks and tiles in exposed situations. It is readily identified by its characteristic button-like, blue-black outgrowths (isidia) that cover the lobes and often become dense in the centre of the thallus. The lichen occurs in Europe and Great Britain, where it is associated with well-lit habitats.
Parmelia submontana Hale 1987
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Parmelia submontana is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. First described in 1987, it is characterised by a loosely attached, greenish-grey body (thallus) reaching diameters of 10–15 cm (4–6 in), with elongated linear lobes and distinctive powdery structures (isidia-like soredia) for reproduction. The species has a complex taxonomic history, having been independently discovered twice – first in Greece in 1832 and later in eastern Bohemia in 1951 – and was long misidentified as related species before being recognised as distinct. It differs
Hypotrachyna revoluta (Powdered Loop Lichen) (Flörke) Hale 1975
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Hypotrachyna revoluta is a species of lichen-forming fungus belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. It has cosmopolitan distribution. In Nepal, Hypotrachyna revoluta has been reported from 2,000 to 2,250 m elevation in a compilation of published records.
Flavopunctelia (Speckled Greenshield Lichens) (Krog) Hale 1984
fungi genus in the parmeliaceae family
Flavopunctelia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus contains species that are widespread in temperate and tropical areas. The genus is characterised by broad, yellow-green lobes, point-like (punctiform) pseudocyphellae on the thallus surface, and bifusiform conidia (i.e., threadlike with a swelling at both ends). All species contain usnic acid as a major secondary chemical in the cortex. Flavopunctelia was originally conceived as a subgenus of Punctelia by Hildur Krog in 1982; Mason Hale promoted it to generic status in 1984.
Flavoparmelia soredians (Shadow Greenshield Lichen) (Nyl.) Hale 1986
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Flavoparmelia soredians is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the large family Parmeliaceae. In the late 1990s, an increase in the frequency of Flavoparmelia soredians was noted in the Netherlands, which, until then, occurred rarely in the country. This population increase followed a decrease in the levels of the pollutant sulphur dioxide. Punctelia borreri and Flavoparmelia caperata were two other foliose species that experienced a similar increase in regional frequency during this time.
Arctoparmelia incurva (Finger Ring Lichen) (Pers.) Hale 1986
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Arctoparmelia incurva is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. First described in 1794 by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, it has undergone several taxonomic reclassifications before being placed in its current genus in 1986. This yellowish-green lichen, characterised by its narrow, convex lobes and globular soralia, typically grows on sun-exposed siliceous rocks in alpine and arctic habitats. It has a circumpolar distribution, found across North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. A. incurva can be distinguished from similar species by its specific
Xanthoparmelia mougeotii (Mougeot's Rock-shield) (Schaer. ex D. Dietr.) Hale 1974
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Xanthoparmelia mougeotii is a species of foliose lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae.
Relicina (Hale & Kurok.) Hale 1974
fungi genus in the parmeliaceae family
Relicina is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. Established as a genus in 1974 after initially being treated as a series within Parmelia, Relicina now encompasses about 40 species worldwide. These lichens typically grow as yellow-green, leaf-like patches with flat lobes fringed by short black hairs, attaching to their substrate by a swollen base. The genus is characterized chemically by the presence of usnic acid and various other lichen products, and is distinguished from related groups by details of ascospore structure and surface features.
Parmotrema stuppeum (Powder-edged Ruffle Lichen) (Taylor) Hale 1974
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Parmotrema stuppuem is a corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen that belongs to the large family Parmeliaceae. The lichen is commonly known as the powder-edged ruffle lichen and is listed as apparently secure by the Nature Conservancy.
Parmelinopsis Elix & Hale 1987
fungi genus in the parmeliaceae family
Hypotrachyna is a genus of lichenized fungi within the family Parmeliaceae. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the widespread genus contains about 198 species. Hypotrachyna was circumscribed by American lichenologist Mason Ellsworth Hale Jr in 1974.
Parmelia squarrosa (Bottlebrush Shield Lichen) Hale 1971
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Parmelia squarrosa, commonly known as the bottlebrush shield lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in east Asia, Europe, and eastern North America, where it typically grows on tree bark, much less frequently on rocks, and rarely on moss. Because of its abundance, widespread distribution, and stable populations, it has been assessed as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Parmelia saxatilis is quite similar in appearance Parmelia squarrosa and the latter was quite often confused with the former, especially in
Myelochroa (Axil-bristle Lichens) (Asahina) Elix & Hale 1987
fungi genus in the parmeliaceae family
Myelochroa is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as axil-bristle lichens. It was created in 1987 to contain species formerly placed in genus Parmelina that had a yellow-orange medulla due to the presence of secalonic acids. Characteristics of the genus include tightly attached thalli with narrow lobes, cilia on the axils, and a rhizinate black lower surface. Chemical characteristics are the production of zeorin and related triterpenoids in the medulla. Myelochroa contains about 30 species, most of which grow on bark. The genus has centres of
Hypotrachyna osseoalba (Hypotrachyna Lichen) (Vain.) Y.S. Park & Hale 1989
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Hypotrachyna osseoalba, commonly known as the grainy loop lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is widely distributed in subtropical and temperate areas of the world. Characteristic features of the lichen include the pustules in its cortex, the somewhat linear shape of the lobes comprising the thallus, and the branched rhizines (holdfasts on the thallus underside).
Flavoparmelia baltimorensis (Rock Greenshield) (Gyeln. & Fóriss) Hale 1986
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Flavoparmelia baltimorensis, the rock greenshield lichen (from Lichens of North America), is a medium to large foliose lichen with a yellow green upper thallus surface when dry; its lobes are rounded without pseudocyphellae; and the upper surface is covered with globose, pustule-like growths resembling isidia. The lower surface is black with a narrow brown zone at the margins.
Esslingeriana idahoensis (Tinted Rag Lichen) (Essl.) Hale & M.J. Lai 1980
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
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Dimelaena thysanota (Mountain Lichen) (Tuck.) Hale & W.L. Culb. 1970
fungi species in the caliciaceae family
Dimelaena thysanota (Mountain Lichen) is a crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae, found in the mountains of western North America and the Sonoran Desert.
Canoparmelia Elix & Hale 1986
fungi genus in the parmeliaceae family
Canoparmelia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. The widespread genus contains about 35 species. Canoparmelia, a segregate of the parmelioid lichen genus Pseudoparmelia, was circumscribed by John Elix and Mason Hale in 1986.
Arctoparmelia centrifuga (Concentric Ring Lichen) (L.) Hale 1986
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Arctoparmelia centrifuga or the concentric ring lichen is a species of ring lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. Synonym: Lichen centrifugus L. (= basionym)
Xanthoparmelia wyomingica (Shingled Rock-shield) (Gyeln.) Hale 1974
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Xanthoparmelia wyomingica is a foliose lichen that belongs to the genus Xanthoparmelia.
Xanthoparmelia lineola (Tight Rock-shield) (E.C. Berry) Hale 1974
fungi species in the parmeliaceae family
Xanthoparmelia lineola, commonly known as the tight rock-shield, is a foliose lichen species in the genus Xanthoparmelia. It is a common species with a temperate distribution. Found in North America and South Africa, it grows on rocks.
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