Yoshinao Takahashi

Ustilaginoidea virens, perfect sexual stage Villosiclava virens, is a plant pathogen which causes the disease "false smut" of rice which reduces both grain yield and grain quality. The disease occurs in more than 40 countries, especially in the rice producing countries of Asia. but also in the U.S. As the common name suggests, it is not a true smut (fungus), but an ascomycete. False smut does not replace all or part of the kernel with a mass of black spores, rather sori form erupting through the palea and lemma forming a ball of mycelia, the outermost layers are spore-producing. Infected rice

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Monilinia mali is a fungal plant pathogen which causes brown rot blossom blight on pome and stone fruits. Infected blossoms turn brown, wilt, and die, while infected fruits develop soft brown lesions that expand until much of the fruit decays. Diseased fruits may dry into mummified fruits that remain attached to the tree or fall to the ground. The fungus survives between growing seasons in infected twigs and mummified fruits. Under moist and humid conditions, these tissues produce spores that infect blossoms and developing fruit. The disease can therefore spread during flowering and fruit

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