Fungi named in 1809

Penicillium is a genus of ascomycetous fungi that is part of the mycobiome of many species and is of major importance in the natural environment, in food spoilage, and in food and drug production. Some members of the genus produce penicillin, a molecule that is used as an antibiotic, which kills or stops the growth of certain kinds of bacteria. Other species are used in cheesemaking. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the widespread genus contains over 300 species.

Fusarium (; Audio:) is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. The name of Fusarium comes from Latin fusus, meaning a spindle. Most species in Genus Fusarium are harmless saprobes found in relative abundance in the soil microbial community, and some exist as commensal members of the skin microbiome. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain; the main toxins produced by Fusarium species are the fumonisin and

Aspergillus flavus is a saprotrophic and pathogenic fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution. It is best known for its colonization of cereal grains, legumes, and tree nuts. Postharvest rot typically develops during harvest, storage, and/or transit. Its specific name flavus derives from the Latin meaning yellow, a reference to the frequently observed colour of the spores. A. flavus infections can occur while hosts are still in the field (preharvest), but often show no symptoms (dormancy) until postharvest storage or transport. In addition to causing preharvest and postharvest infections, many

Lecanora is a genus of lichen commonly called rim lichens. Lichens in the genus Squamarina are also called rim lichens. Members of the genus have roughly circular fruiting discs (apothecia) with rims that have photosynthetic tissue similar to that of the nonfruiting part of the lichen body (thallus). Other lichens with apothecia having margins made of thallus-like tissue are called lecanorine. It is in the family Lecanoraceae in the suborder Lecanorineae.

Asterophora lycoperdoides, commonly known as the star bearer, or powdery piggyback mushroom, is a species of fungus in the Lyophyllaceae family. It grows as a parasite, mostly on Russula species, and is found in North America and Europe.

Asterophora is a genus of fungi that grow as parasites on mushrooms. The genus contains four species, which have a widespread distribution, especially in temperate areas. The most recently described species, A. salvaterrensis, was found in Pinus pinaster forests in Galicia (northwest Iberian Peninsula). Asterophora species are characterized by the massive production of chlamydospores in their fruit bodies and by the production of carminophilous lysosomes in their basidia. A frequently used but synonymous genus name is Nyctalis. The chlamydospores have been classified in the genus Ugola, which

Acremonium is a genus of fungi in the family Hypocreaceae. It used to be known as Cephalosporium.

Penicillium glaucum is a mold that is used in the making of some types of blue cheese, including Bleu de Gex, Rochebaron, and some varieties of Bleu d'Auvergne and Gorgonzola. (Other blue cheeses, including Bleu de Bresse, Brebiblu, Cambozola, Cashel Blue, Danish blue, Fourme d'Ambert, Fourme de Montbrison, Lanark Blue, Roquefort, Shropshire Blue, and Stilton use Penicillium roqueforti.) In 1874, Sir William Roberts, a physician from Manchester, noted that cultures of the mold inhibited the growth of bacteria. Louis Pasteur would build on this discovery, noting that Bacillus anthracis would

Geotrichum candidum is a fungus which is a member of the human microbiome, notably associated with skin, sputum, and faeces where it occurs in 25–30% of specimens. It is common in soil and has been isolated from soil collected around the world, in all continents. G. candidum is the causative agent of the human disease geotrichosis and the plant disease sour rot which infects citrus fruits, tomatoes, carrots, and other vegetables. It can affect harvested fruit of durians such as Durio graveolens. G. candidum is used widely in the production of certain dairy products including rind cheeses such

Penicillium expansum is a psychrophilic blue mold that is common throughout the world in soil. It causes Blue Mold of apples, one of the most prevalent and economically damaging post-harvest diseases of apples. Though primarily known as a disease of apples, this plant pathogen can infect a wide range of hosts, including pears, strawberries, tomatoes, corn, and rice. Penicillium expansum produces the carcinogenic metabolite patulin, a neurotoxin that is harmful when consumed. Patulin is produced by the fungus as a virulence factor as it infects the host. Patulin levels in foods are regulated

Nephroma is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens. The genus has a widespread distribution. They are sometimes called kidney lichens, named after the characteristic kidney-shaped apothecia that they produce on the lower surface of their lobe tips, which often curl upwards and thus are visible from above. Sterile specimens that do not have apothecia can look somewhat like Melanelia, Peltigera, Platismatia, or Asahinea. Most species grow either on mossy ground or rocks, or on trees. All species of Nephroma contain cyanobacteria (in the genus Nostoc) as a photobiont, which allows the

Helminthosporium is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Massarinaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution.

Calostoma cinnabarinum, commonly known as the red slimy-stalked puffball, stalked puffball-in-aspic, or gelatinous stalked-puffball, is a species of gasteroid fungus in the family Sclerodermataceae. It is the type species of the genus Calostoma. Despite its appearance and common name, C. cinnabarinum is not related to the true puffballs, members of Podaxis (also commonly called "stalked puffballs"), earthstars or stinkhorns. However, during its complex taxonomic history, it has variously been confused it with each of those groups, prior to the advent of molecular phylogenetics. The fruit body

Geotrichum is a genus of fungi found worldwide in soil, water, air, and sewage, as well as in plants, cereals, and dairy products; it is also commonly found in normal human flora and is isolated from sputum and feces. It was first described in 1809 by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link. The genus Geotrichum includes over 100 species. Some are welcome and even considered desirable. For example, skilled cheesemakers create conditions favorable for the formation of a Geotrichum candidum rind on certain goat's milk and cow's milk cheeses, proudly declaring the rind to be the most flavorful part of

Opegrapha is a genus of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the family Opegraphaceae. These lichens form crusty patches on bark, rock, or other lichens, and are easily recognised by their distinctive black, slit-like or rounded fruiting bodies that look like tiny scribbles or dashes on the surface. The genus includes about 150 accepted species found worldwide, with most partnering with orange-pigmented green algae, though some live as parasites on other lichens. Opegrapha species are distinguished from similar genera by their combination of branched internal filaments, ascospores with multiple

Alectoria is a genus of fruticose lichens belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. These lichens form shrub-like growths with slender, branching strands that can hang from trees or grow upright, typically appearing in colours ranging from greenish-yellow to brownish-black. They are commonly found growing on conifer trees in northern forests, where some species like Alectoria sarmentosa can reach lengths of up to a metre or more. The genus serves as an important food source for caribou during winter months, particularly in the inland temperate rainforests of British Columbia, Canada. Alectoria

Trichothecium roseum is a fungus in the division Ascomycota first reported in 1809. It is characterized by its flat and granular colonies which are initially white and develop to be light pink in color. This fungus reproduces asexually through the formation of conidia with no known sexual state. Trichothecium roseum is distinctive from other species of the genus Trichothecium in its characteristic zigzag patterned chained conidia. It is found in various countries worldwide and can grow in a variety of habitats ranging from leaf litter to fruit crops. Trichothecium roseum produces a wide

Pyrenula is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in tropical regions, and contains about 200 species. Most species grow on bark in moist, shaded habitats, especially in tropical regions. They usually form thin crusts on the surface and produce small black spore-bearing structures that are partly embedded in the lichen body. Research has shown that some species names in Pyrenula were once applied too broadly, and that the boundaries of the genus itself may still need refinement.

Oidium was an anamorphic genus of plant pathogenic fungi in the family Erysiphaceae (powdery mildews). Members of the genus were found on a very large variety of plant species across multiple families and distributed on every continent bar Antarctica.

Myriostoma is a fungal genus in the family Geastraceae. Basidiocarps resemble earthstars, but the spore sac is supported by multiple columns (instead of a single column) and has multiple ostioles instead of a single, apical ostiole. Until 2017, the genus was thought to be monotypic with a single, widespread species, Myriostoma coliforme. Recent research has, however, shown that at least six species occur worldwide.

Lycoperdon lividum, commonly known as the grassland puffball, is a type of puffball mushroom in the genus Lycoperdon. It is found in Europe, where it grows on sandy soil in pastures, dunes, and heaths, especially in coastal areas. It fruits in autumn. It was first described scientifically in 1809 by Christian Hendrik Persoon.

Calostoma is a genus of 29 species of gasteroid fungi in the suborder Sclerodermatineae. Like other gasteroid fungi, Calostoma do not have the spore discharge mechanism associated with typical gilled fungi (ballistospory), and instead have enclosed spore-bearing structures. Resembling round puffballs with raised, brightly colored spore openings (ostioles), elevated on a thick, gelatinous stalks, species have been collected in regions of deciduous, temperate, tropical or subtropical forests. Their distribution includes eastern North America, Central America, Asia, and Australasia. The common

Podaxis is a genus of secotioid fungi in the family Agaricaceae. Species, which have the appearance of a "stalked-puffball", have a worldwide distribution, and tend to be found growing solitary or scattered on sandy soils, especially in arid regions. Although close to 50 species have been described, it has been argued that many of them may represent extremes in the natural range of variations found in Podaxis pistillaris.

Endogone is a genus of fungi in the family Endogonaceae of the division Mucoromycota. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in temperate regions, and contains about 20 species. Species of Endogone form underground structures called sporocarps—fruiting structures measuring between a few millimeters to 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) in diameter, containing densely interwoven hyphae and zygospores. Sporocarps are typically found in humus-rich soil or leaf mold, or in mosses. Although most species will only produce spores in nature, the type species E. pisiformis can be made to sporulate in

Aspergillus glaucus is a filamentous fungus which is known to have a wide environmental distribution due to its physiological hardiness under extreme conditions. Like many other fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus, it can be mildly pathogenic but has a number of useful potential applications in medicine and the production of foodstuffs.

Graphis scripta is a crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It is commonly called script lichen, secret writing lichen, or similar names, because its growth pattern makes it looks like writing. Stigmidium microspilum and Arthonia graphidicola are associated lichenicolous fungi. It is variable with either curved or stellate apothecia. The margins are carbonaceous and raised, without furrows. Mature ascospores are without colour, but become brown with age.

Aspergillus candidus (also called A. triticus, A. albus, and A. okazakii) is a white-spored species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. Despite its lack of pigmentation, it is closely related to the most darkly pigmented aspergilli in the Aspergillus niger group. It is a common soil fungus worldwide and is known as a contaminant of a wide array of materials from the indoor environment to foods and products. It is an uncommon agent of onychomycosis and aspergillosis. The species epithet candidus (L.) refers to the white pigmentation of colonies of this fungus. It is from the Candidi section.

Trichothecium is a genus of fungi with unknown place in classification. The genus was first described by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1809. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. Species: Trichothecium roseum

Circinaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Megasporaceae. It was circumscribed by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1809.

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