Fungi named in 1861

Erysiphaceae (commonly known as powdery mildews) is a family of ascomycete fungi in the order Helotiales. The members of this family are obligate parasites with a superficial mycelium that forms a characteristic white, powdery coating on their host plants. The family contains seventeen genera and around a thousand species. Combined they infect over 10,000 species of plants, many of which are commercially valuable.

Xanthoria is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. Common names include orange lichen, orange wall lichen, and sunburst lichen. They can be identified by their characteristic squamulose morphology with distinctive "fairy cups".

Pucciniastrum is a genus of Basidiomycota fungi. Pucciniastrum species, like all rust fungi, are obligate plant parasites. The genus name of Pucciniastrum is in honour of Tommaso Puccini (died 1735), who was an Italian doctor and botanist who taught anatomy at Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence. The genus was circumscribed by Gustav Heinrich Otth in Mitt. Naturf. Ges. Bern 476-479: 61, 71–75, 80–81, 84, 87 in 1861.

Teloschistes chrysophthalmus, sometimes referred to as the gold-eye lichen or golden-eye, is a fruticose lichen with branching lobes. Their sexual structures, apothecia, are bright-orange with spiny projections (cilia) situated around the rim.

Pucciniastrum epilobii is a plant pathogen infecting plants including fuchsias and spruces.

Evernia mesomorpha is a species of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution.

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Bunodophoron is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Sphaerophoraceae. The genus has a broad distribution in the Southern Hemisphere, with several species also present in oceanic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Established in 1861 by the Italian botanist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo, the genus comprises about 20 accepted species that form shrubby, often tufted growths with flattened, strap-like branches. These lichens are characterised by their distinctive black, powdery spore masses that develop at the tips of fertile branches and their production of various lichen products

Anzia is a genus of foliose lichens known as black-foam lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. It was formerly included in the monogeneric family Anziaceae, but this has since been subsumed into the Parmeliaceae.

Trachyspora is a genus of rust fungi in the family Phragmidiaceae. The genus, widespread in northern temperate areas, contains six species.

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Normandina pulchella, commonly known as the elf-ear lichen or blue heart, is a species of squamulose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae. This cosmopolitan species is widely distributed across both hemispheres, where it thrives in moist microhabitats. It favours moss-covered deciduous trees and rocks, often colonising over mosses and bryophytes. It occasionally grows on bare bark and on other lichens. Distinctive features of N. pulchella include its bluish-green squamules (scales) with sharply raised margins, non-reactivity to standard chemical spot tests, and growth in humid habitats.

Lecidella carpathica is a species of crustose lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. It was formally described as a new species in 1861 by the German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber. Three secondary metabolites that occur in this species, hopane-6α,22-diol, brialmontin, and atraric acid, inhibit the enzyme protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. This enzyme is a therapeutic target for diabetes treatments and plays a major role in negative regulation of the insulin signaling pathway. In Nepal, Lecidella carpathica has been reported from 3,900 to 4,000 m elevation in a compilation of published

Buellia disciformis, the boreal button lichen, is a thin, bluish to pale gray rimose to areolate crustose lichen that grows on bark (rarely also on wood) in temperate forests in the northern USA and Europe, and at high altitudes in Arizona, down to 500 metres (1,600 ft) in coastal areas of California. Flat apothecia with black discs are .2-.7 mm in diameter and sessile (neither raised or immersed in the thallus), with noticeable lecideine margins. Lichen spot tests are negative except for K+ yellow. Secondary metabolites include atranorin, fulgidin, and sometimes traces of fulgoicin and

Tholurna is a fungal genus in the family Caliciaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species Tholurna dissimilis. Long thought to be confined to Scandinavia, it has since been recorded in western North America, where a 1983 survey documented 47 localities from coastal British Columbia to Oregon and as far north-east as the Yukon and Northwest Territories.

Ramalina celastri is a species of corticolous and lignicolous (bark- and wood-dwelling), fruticose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. It is a widespread species with a pantropical distribution.

Pterula multifida is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Pterulaceae.

Myriospora is a genus of crustose (crust-like), rock-dwelling lichens in the family Acarosporaceae. Its small, often mosaic-cracked thalli bear minute, blackish fruiting discs that each release dozens of colourless spores, a feature alluded to by the genus name—which means "countless spores". Following a 2024 transfer of Acarospora molybdina into the group, around thirteen species are accepted; the type species, M. smaragdula, is a common emerald-tinged "rock scale" on sun-exposed stone across the Holarctic realm. The genus was proposed in 1853 as a segregate of Acarospora but the original

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Byssothecium is a genus of fungi in the family Massarinaceae. This was a monotypic genus, containing the single species Byssothecium circinans and in the family Teichosporaceae. But more species were added and it was later placed in the Massarinaceae family

The Arctomiaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the Ascomycota, class Baeomycetales. The family was named by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1861, with Arctomia as the type genus. Species in this family are found in arctic and subarctic habitats, usually associated with bryophytes. In overall morphology, the Arctomiaceae combine features that are otherwise uncommon together within the Ostropomycetidae: a consistent association with cyanobacterial genus Nostoc, gelatinous thalli, and fruiting bodies that develop openly rather than being enclosed.

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Rhizocarpon alpicola is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Rhizocarpaceae. The lichen grows as a patch-like crust up to 15 cm across, composed of small yellowish-green tiles that develop black, button-like reproductive structures. A member of the Rhizocarpon geographicum species complex, R. alpicola can usually be distinguished from related species by its large and smooth areoles. R. alpicola is often utilised in lichenometry, a dating technique used to estimate the length of exposure of rock surfaces. Research on Norwegian glacier forelands has shown that

Ostreichnion is a genus of fungi in the family Mytilinidiaceae.

Mytilinidion is a genus of fungi in the family Mytilinidiaceae. The genus was described by Swiss clergyman and botanist Jean Étienne Duby in 1861.

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