Flora of Southwestern Europe

Rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp. napus), also known as rape and oilseed rape and canola, is a yellow-flowered member of the Brassicaceae family. The plant is cultivated primarily for its oil-rich seed, which naturally contains mildly toxic erucic acid. The term canola refers to a group of rapeseed cultivars with very low levels of erucic acid that are prized as food for humans and animals. The plant is the third-largest source of vegetable oil and the second-largest source of protein meal in the world.

Calendula officinalis, Mary's gold, common marigold, the pot marigold, Scotch marigold, or ruddles, is a flowering plant in the daisy family, Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern Europe, but its long history of cultivation makes its precise origin unknown, and it is widely naturalised. The florets are edible and the plant has historically been used as medicine. The names marigold and Mary's gold were given by the English people to honour Mary, mother of Jesus, who was said to wear "a crown of gold that circles the earth".

Abies pinsapo, Spanish fir, is a species of tree in the family Pinaceae, native to southern Spain and northern Morocco. Related to other species of Mediterranean firs, it appears at elevations of 900–1,800 metres (3,000–5,900 ft) in the Sierra de Grazalema in the Province of Cádiz and the Sierra de las Nieves and Sierra Bermeja, both near Ronda in the province of Málaga. In Morocco, it is limited to the Rif Mountains at elevations of 1,400–2,100 metres (4,600–6,900 ft) on Jebel Tisouka and Jebel Tasaot. The scientific name pinsapo is from the Spanish vernacular name for the species.

Thymus herba-barona is a species of thyme native to Corsica, Sardinia, and Mallorca. It is also sometimes known by the common name caraway thyme, as it has a strong scent similar to caraway, for which it can be used as a substitute in any recipe. It can be used in cuisine or as an evergreen ground cover plant for the garden. There are two subspecies: Thymus herba-barona subsp. herba-barona. Corsica, Sardinia Thymus herba-barona subsp. bivalens. Mallorca (Spain)

Geranium endressii, commonly called Endres cranesbill or French crane's-bill, is a species of hardy flowering herbaceous or semi-evergreen perennial plant in the genus Geranium, family Geraniaceae. It is native to the Western Pyrenees in Spain, and is cultivated as a garden subject. Growing to 75 cm (30 in) tall and broad, it has a mounding to sprawling habit, therefore is useful as groundcover in light shade. The leaves are deeply divided and the flowers are soft pink with red veins. It is very hardy, down to at least −20 °C (−4 °F) and possibly less. The cultivar ‘Castle Drogo’ has gained

Helleborus lividus is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Mallorca and possibly nearby Cabrera, Spain. It is an evergreen perennial growing to 45 cm (18 in) tall by 30 cm (12 in) wide, with deep green or bluish green, glossy leaves and light green or pinkish-green flowers opening nearly flat and appearing from midwinter to early spring. The Latin lividus refers to the colour of the leaves (literally "lead-grey"). It may be best grown in a greenhouse in frost-prone areas. Propagation is from seed. In cultivation it hybridises readily with the closely related H.

Aquilegia nuragica, commonly called Nuragica columbine, is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is endemic to Italy, in a single canyon in the Supramonte mountain range on the island of Sardinia.

Euphorbia margalidiana is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae, endemic to the Balearic Islands, where its natural habitats are Mediterranean Matorral shrubland vegetation and rocky shores. An evergreen perennial or subshrub growing to 1.2 m (3.9 ft) tall and broad, It bears yellow-green flowers over a long period in the summer. It is particularly valued in cultivation for its tolerance of a wide range of conditions, including drought. Though hardy down to −10 °C (14 °F) it grows best in mild areas. Like all euphorbias, it produces an irritant milky sap when cut or

Digitalis parviflora, the small-flowered foxglove, is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae. It is endemic to northern and central Spain. It grows at (rarely 200-) 500–2000 metres in altitude. It was first described as a species by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in the first half of the 1770s. The Latin specific epithet parviflora means "with small flowers".

Quercus × cerrioides is a hybrid oak species in the family Fagaceae. The tree is endemic to Spain. It is a conservation dependent plant threatened by habitat loss. Its parent are Q. canariensis and Q. pubescens subsp. subpyrenaica. Both parents are placed in section Quercus.

Lysimachia minoricensis is a species of plant in the family Primulaceae. It was endemic to the island of Menorca in Spain. Its natural habitat was Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. It became extinct within its natural range and now only survives in cultivation.

Salvia desoleana is a herbaceous perennial shrub native to the island of Sardinia in the Mediterranean. It is endemic to four or five specific locations on the island in sunny locations on limestone, granitic, and igneous rock. Salvia desoleana was named for the botanist Luigi Desole, and was first described in 1982. It is a low-growing plant with elongated rhizomatous roots that grow parallel to the ground. Each plant forms a mound 2–3 ft (0.61–0.91 m) tall and 3–4 ft (0.91–1.22 m) wide. The ovate leaves grow as large as 8 in long (200 mm) by 6 in wide (150 mm), with both surfaces covered

Aquilegia barbaricina, common name Barbaricina columbine, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is endemic to Italy, occurring only on the island of Sardinia.

Salvia candelabrum is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to southern Spain. It is a woody-based perennial growing to 100 cm (39 in), with woolly grey-green leaves that resemble those of the common sage, S. officinalis, and emit a similar scent when crushed. In summer it bears violet-blue flowers on branching stems held high above the foliage. Diterpenes have been isolated from its green tissues. From the aerial parts of Salvia candelabrum have been isolated β-sitosterol, nepeticin (lup-20(29)-ene-3j,lla-diol), candelabrone

Narcissus nevadensis is a species of the genus Narcissus (daffodils) in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is classified in Section Nevadensis. It is native to the Baetic System in Spain. It is considered an endangered species. In 1992 it was designated as a 'priority species' under Annex II of the Habitats Directive in the European Union, which means areas in which it occurs can be declared Special Areas of Conservation, if these areas belong to one of the number of habitats listed in Annex I of the directive.

Linum suffruticosum, the white flax or Pyrenean flax, is a species of flowering plant in the family Linaceae, native to Spain. It is a polyploid species complex with significant morphological variation.

Hypericum balearicum is a species of flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae, native to Spain's Balearic Islands. It is the only species in the section Psorophytum.

Astragalus nitidiflorus is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae. It is endemic to Cartagena, southeast of Spain. It was refound after about 100 years of extinction and "the reappearance of this species has awakened the interest of environmental managers because the reasons for its critical situation are unknown". In 2004, a group of 46 specimens were discovered in a protected area between Cartagena and Mazarrón and plans for the conservation of this species have been implemented. ISSR markers helped to find that Astragalus nitidiflorus has a low genetic diversity. "This species grows in

Allium melananthum, called ajo oscuro (dark garlic), ajo negro (black garlic) or ajo de flor negra (black-flowered garlic), is a species of wild garlic native to southeast coastal areas of Spain. It is similar to three other species of Allium of the western Mediterranean; A. pruinatum, A. sphaerocephalon and A. ebusitanum, but can be distinguished from them by its dark purple to blackish-purple tepals, and its exerted stamens.

Viola hispida is a plant species in the genus Viola. It is endemic in France, and more specifically in the Seine valley. It is known as the Violette de Cry ('violet of Cry', pronounced [kʁi], CREE) or Pensée de Cry ('pansy of Cry').

Silene sennenii is a species of plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. It is endemic to Spain. Its natural habitat is Mediterranean Matorral shrubland vegetation. Classified as an endangered species by the IUCN, it is threatened by habitat loss.

Salix tarraconensis is a species of willow in the family Salicaceae. It is endemic to Spain, where it grows in subalpine scree at 500–1,400 m (1,640–4,590 ft) altitude in Tarragona and Castellon. It is a deciduous small shrub growing to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall. The leaves are alternate, 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long and 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) broad, with a very finely serrated margin; they are green above, and paler below with short whitish hairs.

Ribes sardoum, commonly called Sardinian currant, is a species of plant in the gooseberry family. It is endemic to Italy, found only on the island of Sardinia.

Pulmonaria saccharata, the Bethlehem lungwort or Bethlehem sage, is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, native to France and Italy. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial which is closely related to the common lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis). Growing to 10 cm (4 in) tall by 60 cm (24 in) wide, it has lance-shaped leaves with white confluent spots, and pink or white flowers in spring. The specific epithet saccharata means sugared, and refers to the spotted surface of the leaves.

Polygala sinisica is a species of plant in the family Polygalaceae. It is endemic to the island of Sardinia in Italy.

Iris filifolia is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Xiphium. It is a bulbous perennial from North Africa and Europe. It has thin leaves, summer flowers in shades of red-purple.

Digitalis minor is a species of flowering plant in family Plantaginaceae, which has been called dwarf Spanish foxglove. It is a biennial or short-lived perennial species of foxglove which is endemic to the Balearic islands with large, pendulous, pink or purple flowers. Closely related to the common purple foxglove, it is best distinguished by its small fruits. It is one of the only foxgloves to grow in calciferous, alkaline soils. Local vernacular names in the Catalan language are: didalera, didals, didals de la Mare de Déu, boca de llop and herba de Santa Maria.

Astragalus balearicus, commonly known as the Balearic milkvetch or gatovell, is a small legume of the genus Astragalus that is found on the Balearic Islands off the coast of Spain.

Antirrhinum barrelieri is a species of perennial flowering plant in the genus Antirrhinum (common snapdragons) in the family Plantaginaceae. Native to northeastern Spain, the species is a subshrub that favors subtropical conditions. A. barrelieri produce stems of between 30 cm (12 in) and 75 cm (30 in) tall, on which narrow leaves and 8 to 20 pink or purplish tubular flowers grow. Flowering and fruiting generally occurs between March and September within the species's native range. In 1855, the botanist Alexandre Boreau was the first to describe the species with its current name, which Boreau

Allium pyrenaicum is a species of wild garlic native to the Spanish Pyrenees. It prefers to grow in gorges in light shade, on substrates that experience at most moderate disturbance.