Flora of Spain

Calendula officinalis, Mary's gold, common marigold, the pot marigold, Scotch marigold, or ruddles, is a flowering plant in the daisy family, Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern Europe, but its long history of cultivation makes its precise origin unknown, and it is widely naturalised. The florets are edible and the plant has historically been used as medicine. The names marigold and Mary's gold were given by the English people to honour Mary, mother of Jesus, who was said to wear "a crown of gold that circles the earth".

Abies pinsapo, Spanish fir, is a species of tree in the family Pinaceae, native to southern Spain and northern Morocco. Related to other species of Mediterranean firs, it appears at elevations of 900–1,800 metres (3,000–5,900 ft) in the Sierra de Grazalema in the Province of Cádiz and the Sierra de las Nieves and Sierra Bermeja, both near Ronda in the province of Málaga. In Morocco, it is limited to the Rif Mountains at elevations of 1,400–2,100 metres (4,600–6,900 ft) on Jebel Tisouka and Jebel Tasaot. The scientific name pinsapo is from the Spanish vernacular name for the species.

Digitalis parviflora, the small-flowered foxglove, is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae. It is endemic to northern and central Spain. It grows at (rarely 200-) 500–2000 metres in altitude. It was first described as a species by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in the first half of the 1770s. The Latin specific epithet parviflora means "with small flowers".

Quercus × cerrioides is a hybrid oak species in the family Fagaceae. The tree is endemic to Spain. It is a conservation dependent plant threatened by habitat loss. Its parent are Q. canariensis and Q. pubescens subsp. subpyrenaica. Both parents are placed in section Quercus.

Salvia candelabrum is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to southern Spain. It is a woody-based perennial growing to 100 cm (39 in), with woolly grey-green leaves that resemble those of the common sage, S. officinalis, and emit a similar scent when crushed. In summer it bears violet-blue flowers on branching stems held high above the foliage. Diterpenes have been isolated from its green tissues. From the aerial parts of Salvia candelabrum have been isolated β-sitosterol, nepeticin (lup-20(29)-ene-3j,lla-diol), candelabrone

Narcissus nevadensis is a species of the genus Narcissus (daffodils) in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is classified in Section Nevadensis. It is native to the Baetic System in Spain. It is considered an endangered species. In 1992 it was designated as a 'priority species' under Annex II of the Habitats Directive in the European Union, which means areas in which it occurs can be declared Special Areas of Conservation, if these areas belong to one of the number of habitats listed in Annex I of the directive.

Linum suffruticosum, the white flax or Pyrenean flax, is a species of flowering plant in the family Linaceae, native to Spain. It is a polyploid species complex with significant morphological variation.

Astragalus nitidiflorus is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae. It is endemic to Cartagena, southeast of Spain. It was refound after about 100 years of extinction and "the reappearance of this species has awakened the interest of environmental managers because the reasons for its critical situation are unknown". In 2004, a group of 46 specimens were discovered in a protected area between Cartagena and Mazarrón and plans for the conservation of this species have been implemented. ISSR markers helped to find that Astragalus nitidiflorus has a low genetic diversity. "This species grows in

Allium melananthum, called ajo oscuro (dark garlic), ajo negro (black garlic) or ajo de flor negra (black-flowered garlic), is a species of wild garlic native to southeast coastal areas of Spain. It is similar to three other species of Allium of the western Mediterranean; A. pruinatum, A. sphaerocephalon and A. ebusitanum, but can be distinguished from them by its dark purple to blackish-purple tepals, and its exerted stamens.

Silene sennenii is a species of plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. It is endemic to Spain. Its natural habitat is Mediterranean Matorral shrubland vegetation. Classified as an endangered species by the IUCN, it is threatened by habitat loss.

Salix tarraconensis is a species of willow in the family Salicaceae. It is endemic to Spain, where it grows in subalpine scree at 500–1,400 m (1,640–4,590 ft) altitude in Tarragona and Castellon. It is a deciduous small shrub growing to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall. The leaves are alternate, 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long and 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) broad, with a very finely serrated margin; they are green above, and paler below with short whitish hairs.

Iris filifolia is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Xiphium. It is a bulbous perennial from North Africa and Europe. It has thin leaves, summer flowers in shades of red-purple.

Antirrhinum barrelieri is a species of perennial flowering plant in the genus Antirrhinum (common snapdragons) in the family Plantaginaceae. Native to northeastern Spain, the species is a subshrub that favors subtropical conditions. A. barrelieri produce stems of between 30 cm (12 in) and 75 cm (30 in) tall, on which narrow leaves and 8 to 20 pink or purplish tubular flowers grow. Flowering and fruiting generally occurs between March and September within the species's native range. In 1855, the botanist Alexandre Boreau was the first to describe the species with its current name, which Boreau

Allium pyrenaicum is a species of wild garlic native to the Spanish Pyrenees. It prefers to grow in gorges in light shade, on substrates that experience at most moderate disturbance.

Thymus piperella, known by the common name valencian thyme, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to southeast Spain. It is used as a culinary herb, as a flavor in a digestif called 'herbero', and to soften and flavor preserved olives.

Thymus moroderi is a small plant from the genus Thymus. It is endemic to some areas in the southern, driest part of the Alicante province (where it is called cantahueso or cantueso both in Spanish and Valencian) along with some isolated and similarly subarid locations in the contiguous Región de Murcia (Spain). Thymus moroderi must not be confused with the somewhat similar in appearance (yet from the genus Lavandula) Lavandula stoechas, which is also called cantueso in Spanish. When not blooming, thymus moroderi is an inconspicuous, dark green plant with tiny leaves and an overall modest

Narcissus hedraeanthus is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is classified in Section Bulbocodium, and is among the smallest species in that genus. It flowers in December.

Hyacinthoides × massartiana is a hybrid species produced by crosses between the common bluebell, H. non-scripta and the Spanish bluebell, H. hispanica. H. × massartiana fills a spectrum of variation which connects the two parental species.

Glandora diffusa, the purple gromwell, syn. Lithodora diffusa, Lithospermum diffusa, is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae. It is a mat-forming perennial growing to 15 cm (6 in) tall by 60 cm (24 in) or more wide, with dark green, hairy evergreen leaves and masses of blue or white 5-lobed flowers. It is suitable for cultivation in a rock garden or alpine garden. Although there is a variety with white flowers, G. diffusa var. alba, the blue-flowered varieties are most valued in gardens for the intense azure color of their abundant blooms. A number of cultivars have been

Thymus hyemalis, the winter thyme, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, endemic to southeast Spain. Its volatile oil constituents vary seasonally.

Silene fernandezii is a species of plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. It is endemic to Spain. Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Silene diclinis is a species of plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. It is endemic to Spain. Its natural habitat is pastureland. It is threatened by habitat loss and is classified as an endangered species by the IUCN. It is dioecious, with separate male and female plants. It forms a clade with several other species that are dioecious.

Salvia officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia, synonym Salvia lavandulifolia, (Spanish sage) is a small woody herbaceous perennial native to Spain and southern France, growing in rocky soil in Maquis shrubland, often found growing with rosemary, Lavandula lanata, and Genista cinerea. S. officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia grows 30 centimetres (1 ft) tall and wide, with a reclining habit and narrow, lanceolate, whitish-gray evergreen leaves that are less than 50 mm (2 in) long. The leaves grow opposite each other on the stem and appear to grow in bunches. When the leaves are rubbed, oils give off a

Prunus ramburii (Spanish: endrino de Sierra Nevada, "sloe of Sierra Nevada") is a species of plant in the family Rosaceae. It is endemic to Spain. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Plantago nivalis is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae. It is found in the Sierra Nevada of Spain.

Lavandula lanata, the woolly lavender, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to southern Spain. An evergreen dwarf shrub growing to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall and broad, it is noted for the pronounced silver woolly hairs on its leaves, whence the Latin specific epithet lanata. The deep violet purple flowers are borne on narrow spikes, and give off the familiar lavender scent. Lavandula lanata is cultivated in temperate zones for its attractive appearance and fragrance. It is hardy in mild and coastal areas, tolerating temperatures down to about −5 °C (23 °F), but preferring a

Hypericum ericoides is a dwarf shrub in the flowering plant family Hypericaceae, section Coridium. It is found in eastern and southeastern Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia. Its preferred habitat is fissures in calcareous rocks in warm, sunny places, from 200 to 2,000 meters above sea level (MASL).

Diplotaxis siettiana, known in Spanish as jaramago de Alborán, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is endemic to Alborán Island in the western Mediterranean Sea, where it grows only around the helipad. The natural population became extinct in 1974, but the species was re-introduced from ex-situ conservation in 1999. Its natural habitat is Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Dioscorea chouardii (synonym: Borderea chouardii) is a herbaceous plant in the family Dioscoreaceae. It is endemic to a single cliff located in the Pyrenees of Aragon, Spain.

Carex camposii is a tussock-forming species of perennial sedge in the family Cyperaceae. It is endemic to southern Spain.